Here are some log rules dummy. Rule 1: $\log_b(M \cdot N) = \log_b M + \log_b N$ Rule 2: $\log_b(\frac{M}{N}) = \log_b M - \log_b N$ Rule 3: $\log_b(M^k) = k \cdot \log_b M$ Rule 4: $\log_b(1) = 0$ Rule 5: $\log_b(b) = 1$ Rule 6: $\log_b(b^k) = k$ Rule 7: $k^{\log_b(b^k)} = k$